The Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal (CUSJ) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic publication. We are committed to publishing manuscripts from significant scientific research and analysis. Each CUSJ paper undergoes a peer review process facilitated by the CUSJ Editorial Board and Columbia faculty. Publication in the CUSJ is highly competitive. The CUSJ has two primary goals. The CUSJ aims to (1) publish works of the highest scholarship authored by undergraduates and (2) to educate students about the academic publication process. CUSJ publishes our research Journal annually and hosts an on-campus Spring Research Symposium every Spring. Please direct all inquiries to cusj@columbia.edu. CUSJ: cusj.columbia.edu CJSJ: cjsjournal.org